![]() Thus, these and other “Pixarvolt” films, as Halberstam dubs them, open up “new narrative opportunities” and lead “to unexpected encounters between the childish, the transformative, and the queer” (186). ![]() (2001), Robots (2005), and Finding Nemo (2003) use the childish and the absurd to figure new forms of identity and belonging, forms that simultaneously work to resist and revolt against the forces of capitalist industrialization and consumption that otherwise constrain our ability to imagine and enact utopian alternatives. Films like Chicken Run (2000), Over the Hedge (2006), Monsters Inc. Despite their corporate production and reliance on familiar and often normalizing plot lines and devices, Halberstam unearths the various elements and figures in these films that subvert and reimagine social, political, and economic realities. One of the highlights of The Queer Art of Failure is Halberstam’s analysis of animated children’s films, especially those using computer-generated imagery (CGI). Such ways of being are, for Halberstam, queer ways of being, which also means that there is something disruptive about being queer. For, as Halberstam maintains, “Under certain circumstances, failing, losing, forgetting, unmaking, undoing, unbecoming, not knowing may in fact offer more creative, more cooperative, more surprising ways of being in the world” (2-3). ![]() Halberstam thus seeks out the ways in which normalizing processes break down or unravel, so as to offer glimpses of other ways of inhabiting the world, both individually and collectively. Halberstam maintains that we do not really have to look far for these alternatives in many ways, they are already in front of us, in the gaps and fissures of the dominant cultural narratives and practices that seek to normalize us. In The Queer Art of Failure, Judith Halberstam wants to incite new and different ways of knowing and being, ways that cut through and provide alternatives to established patterns and norms. Legal experts have tried define subversion, but political and legal thinkers could not reach a general agreement.Despite the rhetoric of pluralism, current social, political, and economic arrangements tend toward the monolithic, primarily giving value to ways of knowing and being that align with and reinforce the status quo. There is no crime defined as "subversion" in British Constitutional law. Article 111 prohibits stealing, secretly collecting, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country. Article 105 makes it a crime to organize, make a secret plan, work against the national order, or tell rumors to make people fight the national order or overthrow the socialist system. Articles 105 and 111 are used the most often to silence political dissent. China has prosecuted many dissidents using these laws. These laws describe behavior that can be a threat to national security. The government of the People's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law. Subversive activity may be similar to treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage. ![]() Subversive activity is helping or supporting individuals, groups, or organizations that want to remove governments by force and violence.
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